📹 Mossad Deadliest Mission: The Hunt of al-Wazir (script)

 📹 Mossad Deadliest Mission: The Hunt of al-Wazir (script)



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[Music] he is the master terrorist behind dozens of murderous attacks on innocent civilians his hands are covered with Jewish blood as far as Israel's concerned he was an arch terrorist there is no choice but to take him out tasked with the operation is Israel's Elite Special Forces Unit Sarah matkal is nothing short of legendary or mythical but with their target hiding in an enemy Nation 1500 M from Israel this will be one of the most ambitious operations ever mounted you go in you kill him you go

00:50 out perfect assassination this is the true story of the CET Matt cow mission to kill Abu jahad l [Music] [Music] in the dead of night three terrorists infiltrate the Israeli border this was a raid by uh Palestinians they armed themselves from a secret weapons cache that the PLO had in Egypt carrying AK-47s they evade the Israeli border patrols they crossed Israel's Southern neev desert their presence remains a secret until when they reach a remote desert [Music] road they hijack a passing car Israeli intelligence received reports 02:37 about the car hijacking they now know armed gunmen are on the loose inside Israel but they have no idea what their target is this uh triggered an enormous security Alert in southern Israel roadblocks were put up an hour later the gunman's car is cited approaching a high security area it was not far from Demona which is the site of Israel's nuclear reactor it becomes clear that the terrorists are planning to attack the Demona reactor Israel's most important military facility yes the one where Israel has 03:22 nuclear weapons but has never admitted that they have nuclear weapons with the top secret facility at Risk army units race to intercept the terrorists before they can reach their target realizing that Israeli forces are closing down on them the Palestinians suddenly change their plans the group kidnapped a bus that was bringing Bas from the Demona nuclear reactor back home some of the passengers managed to escape but 11 are [Music] trapped 10 are women Israeli Security Forces surround the bus and try to negotiate with the 04:26 terrorists but the gunmen are not interested in negotiating then they turn their weapons on the hostages now the security forces have to go in you know from here if you're not going to respond more people going to die first they get into position [Music] then they strike in a matter of seconds Israeli soldiers take over the bus killing all three of the [Music] terrorists but quick as they are they are not fast enough three of the workers at the Demona plant were killed two of the victims are young 05:40 mothers it becomes known as the mother's bus attack even in a nation used to terrorism this is still a shocking [Music] act the Demona bus attack was different from what was going on this one was such a horrific attack that uh targeted not only innocent people but mothers and women that's really was the most raw nerve in Israel but even as the mourners gather Israeli intelligence agencies have already identified The Man Behind the attack the man they are after is Abu jahad in Arabic Abu jahad means father 06:38 of the struggle the Israelis know that this is a title used by a leading Palestinian Commander iard is a n like a lot of Palestinian names his real name is Khal wazir Abu Jihad is the legendary militant commander of the the PLO in the Palestinian organization of of course he was admired as one of their top leaders he is the number two man in the Palestinian Liberation Organization and heads its military Wing Abu jiad was in charge of operations of Al Fat under Abu jahad's command Al fata have undertaken dozens of attacks on 07:24 Israel he had organized and planned some quite significant Palestinian actions innocent people have been killed often in brutal circumstances as far as Israel's concerned he was an arch terrorist Abu Jihad was a very dangerous man Abu jahad is such a threat to Israel that for 20 years they have been trying to take him out the hunt for Abu Jihad was conducted throughout the years there were numerous attempts on his life all of them failed Israeli military intelligence first tried to kill Abu jahad in 08:10 Damascus with a Car Bomb they missed a decade later the Israeli Air Force tried to kill him in an air strike on Beirut but again he walked away the mother's bus attack is proof that the master terrorist has reared his head once more but the threat he poses may be worse than just terrorism the Israelis believe that Abu jahad is also behind the biggest challenge to their Authority that they have ever faced for 3 months the Palestinian population of Israel has been in Revol V there was this Uprising against their 09:04 rule there were large crowds of people often young people throwing stones at Israeli forces had elements of an armed Uprising it's military was in the West Bank dealing with a wide array of uh of protests it has become known as the intera the uprising and Israel believes that the hand that controls it is Abu jahad's he claimed responsibility for the outbreak of the Palestinian intifada he said I was the one ordering the troops ordering the demonstrators to go to the [Music] street Israel cannot allow the 09:50 Insurrection to continue the intifada caused an enormous International damage to Israeli Prestige Worldwide they felt they have to get back at Abu Jihad they felt that he couldn't be allowed to get away with that and the man who decides to deal with Abu jahad is yak Rabin Israel's Minister of Defense Rabin who was basically leading the Israeli intelligence and security forces Rabin was quite a hard liner he was a military man through and through his whole concept of Peace was based based on the fact that Israel had to be 10:32 strong and it had to defend itself he also believe very strongly in targeting those terrorists that were attacking Israelis Rabin decides that Israel must kill Abu [Music] Jihad but immediately Rabin faces a problem Abu jahad is a long way from Israeli Shores Israeli intelligence have traced Abu jahad to Tunis North Africa 1500 mil from Israel the city has become the new headquarters for the Palestinian Liberation Organization that was the the place where the the pl headquarters was far away from Israel on the coast of 11:27 Africa Abu Jihad and other key Palestinian leaders have homes in a quiet suburb of the Tunisian Capital he lived with his family in a villa in a Beachside neighborhood of Tunis being so far away from Israel Abu jiad felt quite confident and safe he didn't think that Israeli intelligence would be able to get so far so remotely from Israel but he is wrong [Music] Abu Jihad is already under the watchful eye of Israel's intelligence service mosad J these people are followed these people are tracked they knew where he 12:19 was Israel's intelligence agency carried out surveillance of the area of Tunis where abujad was living along with other PLO leaders 4 days after the mother's bus attack rabine orders mosad to come up with a way to kill Abu jahad initially the agency is confident that they can do it themselves they told defense minister Rabin that they could come up with an operational plan to assassinate Abu Jihad in Tunisia within 30 days mosad come up with various alternatives for killing Abu Jad by a sniper by exploding his 13:07 car by planting a booby trap explosive where he was driving from his house to his office by poisoning him by uh firing rockets on his house all sorts of possible operations but rabine rejects them all none of these options guarantee that Abu jahad will be killed with the intera Raging they simply cannot afford to miss as far as rabine is concerned there is only one way to ensure success to kill him at Point Blank Range and it was decided that Abu jiad is going to be killed in his house but killing the pl's military commander 14:02 in his home 1500 mi from Israel will be no easy task far harder to Target somebody in Tunis than in somewhere that is you know 20 minutes flying time or just across one of Israel's borders and so at the end of the day mosad came toin and said we are not able to do this alone skilled assassins as they are getting a hit team inside Abu jahad's house without being discovered is beyond even the Mossad so rabine now calls upon a highly secretive Special Operations Brigade famed for their ability to strike at 14:46 Israel's enemies wherever they may try to hide when Israel wants to strike Israeli leaders turn to a special unit of the Israeli military the immediate candidate to perform the assassination is the general staff reconnaissance unit but in Israel they are known by another name in English they are known as the unit but in Hebrew they call them the S matal Sarah mkal in Israel is nothing short of legendary or mythical it's essentially the top unit in the Army it's the sort of by word for an elite unit there are others but that's 15:42 the sort of so Unit Model after the British SAS SEAL Teams are similar to it Delta Force is similar to it like these other special forces units the CET matcal are experts at killing people they're thought of as assassination Specialists they're willing to sacrifice everything for their country Commandos train intensively in survival skills Marksmanship and hand-to-hand combat their job is to go on Special Operations that are considered beyond the scope of your regular troops only the very best of the Israeli military are recruited 16:26 into the cat matar you're looking in Elite unit for a person that in no time can concentrate and do the things fast you're looking for a person that will never give up on himself these men have the reputation for accomplishing things getting things done that reputation was Ed by a legendary operation that took place in 1976 terrorists hijack an Air France plane with more than 100 Israeli and Jewish civilians on board the plane is diverted to the Ugandan Capital andbe when uganda's dictator Idi Arin 17:20 decides to cooperate with the terrorists Israel calls on the cat matcal the unit cat matkal took something like a few weeks to train on the model of the airlane to fly to anbe and to give the right solution for the incident that solution is for the cat matcal Commandos to disguise themselves as members of the Ugandan Army once on the ground the unit strikes they went in there did a counterterrorist mission over a, miles from home killed the terrorist got out of there alive 102 hostages were rescued and 18:10 returned to Israel with only three civilian casualties that lightning raid of course became legendary and that was the beginning of their reputation as being a hardcore unit Rabin believes there is no other unit better suited for the task of taking out Abu jahad so he puts in a call to a man who had been one of the architects of the anbi mission he is Israel's most decorated soldier and a living legend a hood Barack El Barak was a head of s mkal one of the most famous command of he was in a position then as being a 19:02 chief of staff or head of military intelligence very serious guy very smart guy very sharp guy very decorated guy rabine orders Barack to draw up a plan for the cyat matcal to assassinate Abu jahad it will be known as operation show of force now Barack demonstrates one of the Hallmarks of the CED matcal meticulous planning the key will be finding out as much as he can about conditions on the ground they more than anybody know the importance of intelligence and good intelligence despite the distance if 19:53 everything was carefully looked at in advance there was a reasonable chance that they could be able to get away with first Barack has mosad send more agents to Tunisia previously Mossad had been simply keeping tabs on Abu jahad now they are tasked with Gathering detailed information on his every movement the mosad sent people into uh Tunisia posing as either tourists or business people very routine again for the mad they were sent to Tunisia to check all various questions that came from s matal posing as Lebanese Arabs the new 20:46 team liaz with the agents already embedded in Tunis the agents monitor Abu jahad's Journeys around the city Israeli intelligence was updated of the the tiniest details of Abu Jihad daily uh routine and daily daily schedule the agents listen in on telephone calls to his home the Mad would use electronic means to intercept Communications and listen in so they were confident that they would know when Abu Jihad is at home watching and listening to his every move the Mossad team soon learn the Vital Information that Barack needs to 21:34 launch his operation who is in the house with Abu Jihad how the house is built who is sleeping in each room how many Gs how far is the police station they know the height of the perimeter walls the types of Windows doors and locks the distance between the rooms they soon know every aspect of the villain's defenses they know exactly where he is and on what floor of the building and when he goes to sleep and when he comes when he goes and where his bodyguard is going to be [Music] Etc armed with the intelligence from 22:22 mosad back in Israel Barack begins to draw up plans for the operation and so say matal was starting to plan how to to take out Abu Jihad the plan Barack develops is to send in a small team of Commandos to Assault The Villa under cover of Darkness but it will only work if it is carefully choreographed the preparation and planning is the most important thing in a mission for the Special Forces Soldier or the Special Forces Unit they construct their plan using the det Ed mosad intelligence and they built a small 23:03 model which is an exact copying of the house Barack marks out the guard posts and points of Entry they get all their intelligence together and then they have to figure out the best route in to that [Music] Target different strategies for the assault are debated in order to minimize the risk of failure the soldiers are smart and they have a lot of experience and if they have a good idea then the idea is taken the plan is changed once this is agreed the Commandos Mark out the exact footprint of the 23:48 [Music] villa and practice the assault again and again that was something that Israeli intelligence and the sayat call Commandos frequently did they never wanted to leave anything to chance like every other secret or Special Operation you should train train for the exact steps for the exact performance of yourself and others and and so [Applause] on but expect unexpected the next stage is to practice the mission in real conditions say matal asked few people to donate a house in Israel not far away 24:43 from the beach for rehearsals house is quite similar to that of Abu Jihad and again and again practice the assault in Israel before embarking on the mission whilst the Commandos are practicing for the assault on the Villa Barack turns his attentions to one outstanding issue that means getting the commander unit the 1500 miles to Tunisia safely and secretly all arms of Israeli power would be involved here uh the mosad uh the military intelligence the Navy the Air Force Barak mobilizes the entire Israeli 25:42 military first the Navy will take the Commandos from Israel to Tunisian Waters in missile boats it was a huge out made of ships airplanes cargo ships carrying helicopters above them bar back orders the Air Force to be ready with an emergency evacuation planal is under the coverage of the Air Force in order to be evacuated if something really bad happens it is an almost unprecedented mission in its size and ambition this was a huge operation thousands of soldiers and Intelligence Officers from the Navy mosad military 26:26 intelligence [Music] having arranged how to get the Commandos to Tunisia Barack now focuses on a very particular problem the nearest Landing Beach is 2 and 1/2 miles from The Villa this presents him with two problems the first is how to get S matal to the house and the second was how to get them back safely and Al after the assassination how can Barac get the team through the Tunisian streets without them being detected by either the Palestinians or the Tunisian police bear in mind Tunisia is a an Arab uh country and not a 27:18 democratic State it's a sort of a police state far away from Israel they'd have to get there quickly without drawing attention so they need an insertion [Music] plan so Barack comes up with an ingenious method to get the Commandos to and from the Villa without being detected first they will arrange a distraction to clear the area of police we're expecting local forces to intervene so you give an notice to the police uh the local police that something [Applause] happens far away on the other side of 28:05 the city so everyone is concentrated there you have time to to go next the Mossad agents on the ground will rent cars and drive them to the beach front there they will collect the Commandos and Ferry them to a location near to the villa those rented cars were placed on the beach in Tunis uh to make sure that no suspicions would be aroused the mosad agents will park the cars near Abu jahad's home but the Commandos will have to walk the final few yards to The Villa on foot this is when they will be most 28:53 exposed to get them the last few hundred yards Barack turns to his own experience [Music] expences 15 years earlier Barack was involved in one of the most remarkable missions in the history of the saret matar the unit was sent into Beirut the heart of enemy territory they were sent to kill the men behind the slaughter of 11 Israeli athletes of the Munich Olympics to infiltrate the city undetected Barack and the others employed a very unusual disguise some of them are dressed as women in order not to distract attention 29:36 that just a group of men is walking in the street it's always easier to have men and women together their disguises allow the unit to disperse through the city undetected and launch multiple synchronized attacks [Music] at the end of that operation 15 known terrorists were dead now barack's team will play the same trick in Tunisia in order to get to Abu jahad's Villa undetected the Israelis felt that they could do that even in Tunisia even 1500 miles away so that Playbook was turned to once again 30:32 this leaves Barack with one final decision to choose the man to lead the mission he chooses Nahum Lev the deputy chief of the cat matkar nakum Lev his Deputy one of the most Brave and legendary figures and different figures in the history of s matkal to lead the operation having read all the available intelligence Lev declares that Abu jahad is a dead man walking he said you know I read the file on Abu Jihad I knew how many Jews how many brother Israelis he killed I knew that his hands are covered 31:26 with Jewish blood he deserved to [Music] die Lev's task is to be the first man into the villa and to locate Abu jahad Lev and his men now embark on the 1500 mile journey to Tunisian Waters the quarter Century Chase for Abu jahad is almost over at a military base south of Tel Aviv a specially adapted passenger jet takes off Bound for Tunisia the Israelis used a electronic warfare aircraft converted Boeing Barack will command the operation from the plane which has been turned into a flying control 32:26 center a few hours later the plane reaches Tunisian airspace Barack now orders the Mossad team to the beach the Mad was waiting with the rented cars by the shore waiting for the S mkal people to come [Music] ashore with the Mossad agents in place the order is given for the cat matcal to land they are taken ashore by members of flotilla 13 Israel's Navy Seals to minimize sound commanders Row the last few hundred meters to shore the Israelis landed in the dead of night they were picked up by the mosad 33:22 people nobody was there when it came to Tunisian security immediately the Commandos change into their tourist disguises they're all changing very quickly they change their clothes to civilian clothes some of them are dressed as women the whole group uh mosad flotilla 13 and S matala waiting at the beach for the final goahead as they wait for a green light the commanders learn from Barack there's a problem Israeli intelligence have intercepted a phone call to Abu jahad someone from the PLO headquarters 34:08 called Abu Jihad and said that they were warned by apparently a European intelligence service that the Israelis are thinking of killing a PLO senior figure barak's fear is that if Abu jahad suspects he might be the senior figure being targeted he may flee Tunis immediately the Israelis were quite afraid that he's going to take this threat seriously araq Demands a report from the mosad team watching The Villa is Abu jahad at home or has he fled Tunis the agents report that his Mercedes has been seen arriving at the 34:51 Villa but they cannot confirm that Abu Jihad was in the car they saw people going out of Abu Jihad house and getting into the house but they didn't see their face while Barack waits to find out where Abu jahad is he orders the Mossad agents of the beach to take the cat matcal to their position near the Villa quite rapidly they launched the force the sayal force from the beach to Abu Jad house at about 1:00 in the morning the three vehicles that contained the Israel Commandos went into this neighborhood 35:30 called City [Music] buade one vehicle containing eight Israeli Commandos actually went to the front of the house but Barack still cannot order the Commandos to launch their assault even after forces left the beach and went on to the house we still did not have the right Assurance to go in they were waiting there for the final approval of the commanders of the operation that Abu Jihad is indeed at home these are the actual words from Secret radio communications between the units as they wait for the order to 36:21 proceed this is Richard I want to tell you it is possible that there are some people who are not sleeping in the office okay Richard I understand they use code names and speaking English instead of Hebrew in case anyone is listening Israeli Commandos were sitting with their Uzi submachine guns and pistols between their legs just waiting for the signal to proceed without absolute certainty that the target is at home Barack cannot give the order to strike they assured the minister of defense that they will know for sure 37:04 that Abu Jad is in the house before launching the assault it is now that Barack shows the cat matc's real quality he has a backup plan Israel is famous for being adjustable we change views we change uh Behavior we change actions according to time and persons involved that's aite unit a few days previously Barack had ordered an operation in the Palestinian territories they raid a house in Gaza and arrest a dist relative of Abu Jihad a lawyer now in a secret underground basement in Tel Aviv a call is made to 38:06 Abu jahad's Villa using a specially diverted line something that would look like a phone call from Italy to Abu jihad's office in his home making the call is an Israeli agent who pretends to be a Palestinian informing Abu jahad of his relatives arrest masaku Abu it was shouting and cursing Abu Jihad Abu Jihad you must help they have arrested Abu again this son of a is Zionist they have arrested Abu and they are torturing him then they hear the voice on the other end of the line the speaker says who is this please 38:51 come down we'll make sure everything is okay we'll help AB don't don't worry the agent has to keep keep the person on the phone talking listening in are three Arabic experts who have been trained to recognize Abu jahad's voice each one of them had to raise his right arm when he's 100% confident that this is Abu Jihad speaking from the other side of the line as the three soldiers listen to The Voice first one and then another raise their right hand into the [Music] air finally the third hand is raised it was approved and confirmed and 39:47 corroborated that Abu jiad is in the house finally Barack can give the order to strike Bard Bard this is Richard you can leave the station you can leave the station do it fast I say it again do it fast Lev the commander of the operation and another Commando dressed as a woman begin the Final Approach To The Villa disguised as a romantic couple they walk through the busy streets hidden in plain sight nobody would think twice looking at these guys their task to to approach The Villa undetected and take out the guard on the 40:31 gate so they were PA walking in the street carrying a chocolate box but the innocuous looking chocolate box Lev carries actually conceals a gun they had a weapon hidden under a box of chocolates it's not going to be in a holster and it won't be slung around the neck Lev and his partner now approach the entrance to the Villa where the guard is sat in Abu jahad's black Mercedes [Music] they uh got close to the driver of Abu Jihad that was still sitting in the car the woman distracts the guard by asking for 41:12 directions they pulled out the map and they wanted to ask him some sort of tourist request as the guard looks over the map Lev Acts [Music] now the other Commandos make their move the eight Commandos swiftly assaulted the house they went to the backyard and came to the [Music] door it made some noise and Abu Jad heard it in the Upper Floor [Music] Lev and his accomplice concentrate on the stairs will lead to Abu jahad the other team go to take out the remaining bodyguards with the bodyguards dealt 42:47 with Lev and his partner close in on the main target one of the Assassins of say matkal was going up the stairs a young officer of who was chose by to be the first one to come in the Commando hears someone at the top of the stairs is it Abu jahad or an innocent member of his family the commander knows that he will have to identify the Target in an instant the Commando reacts instinctively [Music] and then other people from the unit came and shot Abu Jihad as well 70 bullets hit Abu Jihad and his 43:41 right hand which had held the pistol was nearly severed but as they are firing Abu jihad's wife suddenly appears scream Hal Halas stop it stop it don't to see that he's already dead but even with everyone's nerves on edge discipline holds even when the unexpected happened the wife did not get hurt we will avoid shooting even on the expense of getting hurt instead Lev orders her to face the wall and with Abu jahad confirmed dead the commanders depart once it was finished they rushed into the cars back 44:34 to the beach back to the boats and [Music] home the entire operation has been accomplished in a matter of minutes at dawn when Tunisian investigators and a PLO team went out to see what happened all they found were the three rented vehicles and footprints on the sand as the Commandos Journey back to Israel they know that even by their own high standards operation show of force is an outstanding achievement Abu Jihad who as far as the Israelis were concerned was the main planner of the inapa they were out to stop was dead 45:23 [Music] but the mission hadn't been quite Flawless despite all the intelligence gathered there was something they had missed at the time of the raid Abu jahad's Garder was sleeping in the basement of the [Music] Villa this innocent man had been killed alongside Abu jahad's bodyguards soon news of the operation reaches Israel when the uh the troops were on their way home it was already published that someone killed Abu Jihad in his house Israel has never formally admitted to killing Abu jiad but there there was 46:14 never really any doubt about it but there is a strange twist to this Tale the news of Abu jihad's death does not have the effect rabine had hoped for it's all very well being clever at uh killing Palestinian leaders but the PLO didn't disappear the intifa didn't stop in fact the violence gets worse news of Abu jahad's death triggers the bloodiest day of protests since the interfa began and in a bizarre development the Israelis learned that despite his claims Abu jahad had never had anything to do 46:51 with the in father in fact he was lying he didn't know that the intifa is going to break up he the p and they sort of jumped on the wagon after it started claimed responsibility for something that they had none involved in whatsoever and the reaction of Israelis wasn't what rabine had expected either there was quite a lot of comment in Israel that well this was brilliantly executed Mission by our boys at the end of the day did it make much difference in the big picture not really but one difference it did make was to 47:31 the career of the man in charge of the operation ahood Barack it's hard to overstate what a legendary career he's had in the years after the Tunisian Mission Barack was made chief of the general staff and in 1999 the Israeli people showed their admiration for the cyat matal when they elected this former leader of the unit to become Israeli Prime Minister the Israeli public though it doesn't know much about precisely what sayat matal has done well the Israeli public knows that it's a trustworthy group of 48:09 men who get things done [Music]


🔴 نظرة على حديث: "النّساء ناقصات عقل ودين" (مقال)

نظرة على حديث: "النّساء ناقصات عقل ودين"

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النّساء في نظر محمّد بن آمنة "ناقصات عقل ودين". ونقرأ في "صحيح مسلم":"حدثنا محمد بن رمح بن المهاجر المصري أخبرنا الليث عن ابن الهاد عن عبد الله بن دينار عن عبد الله بن عمر عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قال يا معشر النّساء تصدّقن وأكثرن الاستغفار فإنّي رأيتكنّ أكثر أهل النّار فقالت امرأة منهنّ جزلة وما لنا يا رسول الله أكثر أهل النّار قال تكثرن اللعن وتكفرن العشير وما رأيت من ناقصات عقل ودين أغلب لذي لبّ منكن قالت يا رسول الله وما نقصان العقل والدّين قال أمّا نقصان العقل فشهادة امرأتين تعدل شهادة رجل فهذا نقصان العقل وتمكث الليالي ما تصلي وتفطر في رمضان فهذا نقصان الدين وحدثنيه أبو الطاهر أخبرنا ابن وهب عن بكر بن مضر عن ابن الهاد بهذا الإسناد مثله وحدثني الحسن بن علي الحلواني وأبو بكر بن إسحق قالا حدثنا ابن أبي مريم أخبرنا محمد بن جعفر قال أخبرني زيد بن أسلم عن عياض بن عبد الله عن أبي سعيد الخدري عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ح وحدثنا يحيى بن أيوب وقتيبة وابن حجر قالوا حدثنا إسمعيل وهو ابن جعفر عن عمرو بن أبي عمرو عن المقبري عن أبي هريرة عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بمثل معنى حديث ابن عمر عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم." ("صحيح مسلم"، كتاب الإيمان، باب بيان نقصان الإيمان بنقص الطاعات وبيان إطلاق الكفر على كفر النعمة والحقوق)
بعيدا عن هلوسات وحماقات الشّيوخ في تفسير هذا القول المنسوب لرسول البدو والصّعاليك وعن تناطحهم بين من صحّحه ومن ضعّفه ومن ضربه على قفاه ومن وضعه في مقدّمة أولويّاته، في إنفصام تام عن عصرنا وعن قِيَمه التي لا مجال لمقارنتها بقيم القرن السّابع في جزيرة العرب، وبعيدًا عن نظريّة "الغدّة" الخرافيّة التي تحدّث عنها الدّجّال "محمّد العريفي" ذات يوم وزعم أنّه نسي إسمها، لي بعض الملاحظات أسُوقها كما يلي.
أوّلًا، ما المقياس الذي يمكن أن نقيس به نقص عقل المرأة أو رجاحة عقل الرّجل؟ هل المقياس هو النّسيان؟ أليس النّسيان شيئا طبيعيّا في الإنسان بصفة عامّة؟ ألا ينسى الرّجل؟ بطبيعة الحال، كلّ الرّجال في كلّ العصور ينسون، ومن لديه دليل على وجود إنسان واحد بإستطاعته تخزين كلّ ما يمرّ أمامه بكلّ التّفاصيل فليأت به. ثم، ألم يكن محمّد بن آمنة نفسه ينسى؟ ألم ترد عشرات الأحاديث في ذكر نسيانه للكثير من آيات القرآن؟
وبعيدًا عن ذلك كلّه، أليست الحجّة الواردة في الحديث سخيفة؟ أليس محمّد بن آمنة وإلهه الوهمي هما اللذان حدّدا شرط قبول الشّهادة وحدّدا شهادة المرأة على أنّها تعادل نصف شهادة الرّجل؟ فكيف يضعُ هو هذا المقياس ثمّ يستدلّ به على صحّة قوله بأنّ المرأة ناقصة عقل؟ هل مسألة أنّ شهادة المرأة نصف شهادة الرّجل مسألة طبيعيّة أو بديهيّة حتّى تتّخذها كمسلّمة وتبني عليها إستدلالك الفاسد؟ ثمّ أنّ النّقصان يتطلّب الزّيادة لبلوغ الكمال... وكما أنّ شهادة إمرأة واحدة لا تكفي وكانت هذه حجّتك على أنّها ناقصة عقل، فشهادة رجل واحد هي أيضا غير كافية وبالتّالي فبنفس المنطق الأعوج يصبح الرّجل هو أيضًا ناقص عقل.
أم أنّ المقياس في هذا الأمر هو غلبة العاطفة على العقل مثلا، كما يقول بعض المبرّرين؟ أليس هناك رجالٌ تغلب عاطفتهم على عقولهم؟ بالطّبع هناك نسبة كبيرة من هذا النّوع، رغم أنّه لا يمكن الحُكم على التّصرفات بصفة قطعية بأنّها نابعة من العاطفة أو من العقل، ورغم أنّ صراع العاطفة والعقل أمر طبيعي في الإنسان وليس عيبًا البتّة... ثمّ، أليس هناك رجال تغلب غريزتهم على عقولهم؟ ألم يكن محمّد بن آمنة نفسه من أولئك الذين غلبت غريزتهم على عقولهم؟ ألم يكن شهوانيّا إلى حدّ الهوس والجنون، راكضا بين نسائه ينكحهُن "في الليلة الواحدة بغسل واحد"، كما تقول كتب الحديث؟ ألم يكن لا تمرّ به أنثى إلا وإشتهاها وأراد "ركوبها"؟ هنا، نحن لا نتحدّث عن العواطف، بل عن الغريزة المنفلتة في أوج حيوانيتّها. فكيف نلتفت لحديث صادرٍ عن شخصٍ منفلت الغرائز لا يفكّر إلّا في الجنس ونتّخذ منه حُكمًا لإثبات أنّ "المرأة ناقصة عقل"؟ ألم يكن أولى بصاحب المقولة أن يحاول أن يكون متّزنًا في حياته وألّا يترك الحبل على غارب الشّهوة؟
ثانيا، لنأخذ العقل في جانبه العقلاني والمعرفي كطريقة للتّفكير وتحليل الأمور والمقارنة وحلّ الإشكاليّات. لو إفترضنا أنّ نقص العقل أمرٌ طبيعي في المرأة في زمن محمّد بن آمنة، وفي تلك البيئة الصحراويّة القاحلة التي لم يكن أهلها يعرفون ولو ذرّة ممّا توصّل إليه العقل في بلدان أخرى كبلاد الإغريق والرّومان والمصريّين القدماء، هل يصمُد محمّد في أيّة مقارنة عقليّة ومعرفيّة بينهُ وبين نساءٍ عِشْنَ في ذلك الزّمن أو قبله، مثل الفيلسوفة "هيباتيا السّكندريّة" التي سبقت قدوم الوباء الإسلامي بأربعة قرون؟ هل يمكن مقارنة هيباتيا العالمة بشخص بدوي يفتخر أتباعُه إلى اليوم بأنّه كان أمّيًّا لا يقرأُ ولا يكتب؟ هل يصمُد محمّد في مقارنة مع "أسبازيا" الأثينيّة أو "صافُو" الشاعرة الإغريقيّة التي عاشت خمسة قرون قبل الميلاد؟ هذا في زمنه هو وفي القرون السّابقة لإدّعائه النّبوّة، فما بالك إذا نحنُ وضعنا رسول بلاد الرّمال في مقارنة مع نساء اليوم؟ ألا يصبحُ الأمر غاية في التّفاهة والسّخرية؟ تصوّروا محمّد بن آمنة في مواجهة عالمة الفيزياء والكيمياء "ماري كُوري" على سبيل المثال، وهي الحاصلة على جائزة نوبل مرّتين، الأولى سنة 1903 في الفيزياء والثّانية سنة 1911 في الكيمياء... أو تصوّروا أحد "علماء المزابل" الذين تعجّ بهم بلاد العرب والإسلام كـ "محمّد حسّان" أو "يوسف القرضاوي" أو "علي منصور الكيالي" أو "زغلول النّجّار" أو "نبيل العوضي" أو "محمّد الطّاهر بن عاشور" أو "محمد متولّي الشّعراوي" أو "عبد الحميد كشك" أو "محمّد الغزالي" أو "محمّد العريفي"، إلى آخر قائمة هؤلاء السّفهاء، في مواجهة "ماري كوري" أو عالمة الكيمياء الحيويّة "جرتي تيريزا كوري" أو عالمة الرّياضيّات "إيمي نويثر"... إنّها مهزلة، فعلًا!
ثالثًا، بالنّسبة لمسألة "نقص الدّين"، أنا شخصيًّا لا أعتبره عيبًا، ذلك أنّ الدّين لا ينفع بشيء ولا يؤدّي إلّا للخراب الفكري والأخلاقي والعنف والإرهاب. هو "علمٌ" لا ينفعُ والجهل به هو الحلُّ الأفضلُ والأمثلُ لكي يحافظ الإنسان على إنسانيّته وعلى وقته أيضًا.
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رابط المقال الأصلي:
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🔴 تاريخ الأديان والتديّن: تطور العقل البشري في تفسير العالم: من العبادة البدائية إلى العقلانية العلمية (مقال)

تاريخ الأديان والتّديّن: تطور العقل البشري في تفسير العالم: من العبادة البدائية إلى العقلانية العلمية





المقدمة

منذ فجر التاريخ، سعى الإنسان إلى فهم العالم من حوله، محاولًا تفسير الظواهر الطبيعية الغامضة التي واجهها. تطورت آليات التفسير هذه بشكل ملحوظ عبر العصور، حيث انتقل الإنسان من الاعتماد على الخرافات والأساطير إلى تبني المنهج العلمي القائم على العقل والمنطق. في هذا المقال، سنستعرض المراحل الرئيسية لهذا التطور، بدءًا من عبادة الأشياء الطبيعية، مرورًا بعبادة الأصنام والكائنات غير المرئية، وصولًا إلى مرحلة الاستغناء عن الدين في ظل هيمنة العقل النقدي والتفسيرات العلمية.


1. مرحلة عبادة الأشياء (Animism): جذور الروحانية البدائية

تُعتبر عبادة الأشياء الطبيعية أقدم أشكال التفسير الديني للعالم، حيث اعتقد الإنسان البدائي أن الروح تسكن كل شيء في الطبيعة، من أشجارٍ وأنهارٍ وحيواناتٍ وكواكب. ارتبطت هذه المرحلة بالخوف من المجهول، مثل البراكين والرعد، والتي فُسرت على أنها تعبيرات عن غضب كائنات روحية.

 * أمثلة تاريخية:

   * قبائل أفريقيا القديمة التي عبدت أشجار الباوباب، معتقدة أنها مساكن للأرواح.

   * ديانات السكان الأصليين في الأمريكتين التي ارتبطت بالأرواح الطبيعية (مثل "المانا" في ثقافة البولينيزيين)، حيث اعتقدوا بوجود قوة خارقة في الأشياء الطبيعية.

   * الديانة الشنتوية في اليابان والتي تقدس قوى الطبيعة.

 * السمات العقلية:

   * الاعتماد على التخيل والرمزية لسد فجوات المعرفة، حيث كانت الأساطير والقصص تستخدم لتفسير الظواهر الطبيعية.

   * غياب أي مفهوم مجرد للآلهة، حيث كانت الأرواح تعتبر جزءًا لا يتجزأ من الطبيعة نفسها.

   * الخوف العميق من قوى الطبيعة المجهولة.


2. مرحلة عبادة الأصنام (Idolatry): تجسيد القوى الغيبية

مع تطور المجتمعات الزراعية وزيادة التعقيد الاجتماعي، تحولت العبادة من الأشياء الطبيعية إلى تمثيل الآلهة عبر أصنام ملموسة، كجسر بين الإنسان والقوى الغيبية. هنا، أصبحت الآلهة أكثر تخصصًا، مثل آلهة الخصوبة والحرب.

 * أمثلة تاريخية:

   * الحضارة المصرية القديمة (ثالوث أوزيريس وإيزيس وحورس)، حيث كانت الأصنام تستخدم في الطقوس الدينية.

   * آلهة بلاد ما بين النهرين مثل إنانا وآنو، والتي كانت تمثل قوى الطبيعة والحياة.

   * الحضارات القديمة في اليونان والرومان.

 * السمات العقلية:

   * ظهور مفهوم التمثيل الرمزي، حيث أصبحت الأصنام أدوات للتواصل مع المقدس.

   * بقاء الخوف محركًا رئيسيًا للعبادة، مع إضافة عنصر التقرب والتوسل للآلهة.

   * ظهور طبقة الكهنة الذين يقومون بدور الوسيط بين البشر والآلهة.


3. مرحلة الكائنات غير المرئية (Monotheism and Abstract Deities): صعود التوحيد والفلسفة

مع صعود الفلسفة والتفكير المجرد، تحولت العبادة إلى كائنات غير مرئية تتجاوز الشكل المادي. تميزت هذه المرحلة بظهور الديانات التوحيدية التي ركزت على إله واحد متعالٍ، مثل اليهودية والمسيحية والإسلام.

 * أمثلة تاريخية:

   * مفهوم "يهوه" في اليهودية كإله غير مرئي ومطلق، والذي يمثل بداية التوحيد.

   * فكرة "اللوغوس" في الفلسفة اليونانية والمسيحية كمبدأ عقلاني يحكم الكون.

   * الإسلام ومفهوم الله الواحد الأحد.

 * السمات العقلية:

   * تطور التفكير المجرد والقدرة على تصور مفاهيم مثل الأبدية والعدل الإلهي.

   * تراجع جزئي للخوف لصالح مفاهيم الثواب والعقاب الأخلاقي.

   * ظهور الكتب المقدسة والنصوص الدينية التي تنظم العلاقة بين الإنسان والإله.


4. مرحلة الاستغناء عن العبادة (Secularism and Scientific Rationality): عصر العقلانية والعلم

مع الثورة العلمية في القرن السابع عشر وصعود الفلسفة التنويرية، بدأ العقل البشري يعتمد على المنهج التجريبي والنقدي لتفسير الظواهر، مما قلل من الحاجة إلى التفسيرات الدينية. ساهمت نظريات مثل التطور الدارويني والفيزياء النيوتونية في تفسير العالم دون الرجوع إلى الغيبيات.

 * أمثلة تاريخية:

   * أعمال غاليليو ونيوتن في تفسير الحركة السماوية، والتي أدت إلى تغيير نظرة الإنسان للكون.

   * نظرية داروين في التطور التي حلت محل أساطير الخلق، والتي أثرت بشكل كبير على الفكر الديني.

   * ظهور الفلسفات الإلحادية والإنسانية.

 * السمات العقلية:

   * هيمنة العقل النقدي، وانحسار الخوف من الطبيعة بفضل فهم قوانينها.

   * تحول الدين إلى مجال شخصي أو ثقافي، وفصل الدين عن الدولة.

   * ظهور المؤسسات العلمية والجامعات التي تدعم البحث العلمي.


الخاتمة: نحو عقلانية متوازنة

لا يعني انحسار الدين أن العقل البشري قد تخلص تمامًا من الأسئلة الوجودية الكبرى، لكنه يدل على تحول في الأدوات المعرفية. اليوم، تتعايش التفسيرات العلمية مع الحاجات الروحية للإنسان، لكن الهيمنة انتقلت إلى المنهج العقلاني الذي يجعل الخوف من المجهول دافعًا للبحث بدلًا من الخضوع.


قائمة المراجع المعتمدة

1. Frazer, James (1890). The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion.  

2. Durkheim, Émile (1912). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life.  

3. Tillich, Paul (1951). Systematic Theology.

4. Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion.  

5. Harari, Yuval Noah (2014). Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind.  

6. Sagan, Carl (1980). Cosmos.  

7. Weber, Max (1905). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.  

8. Jung, Carl (1951). Modern Man in Search of a Soul.  

9. Kuhn, Thomas (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.  

10. Dennett, Daniel (2006). Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon.  

11. Armstrong, Karen (1993). A History of God: From Abraham to the Present.  

12. Hawking, Stephen (1988). A Brief History of Time.  

13. Eliade, Mircea (1957). The Sacred and the Profane.  

14. Freud, Sigmund (1927). The Future of an Illusion.  

15. Giddens, Anthony (1990). The Consequences of Modernity





هذا المقال يُلخص الرحلة الطويلة للعقل البشري من الخوف إلى المعرفة، مع التأكيد على أن التطور ليس خطيًا بل تفاعليًا، حيث تترك كل مرحلة بصمتها على المراحل اللاحقة.


🔴 La Méditerranée antique et les secrets de l’ADN des « Peuples de la mer »

La Méditerranée antique et les secrets de l’ADN des « Peuples de la mer »

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### **Introduction : L’énigme des Peuples de la mer**  

Les « Peuples de la mer » ont longtemps figuré parmi les plus grands mystères de l’histoire antique. Leurs attaques présumées sont liées à l’effondrement de l’âge du bronze récent (vers 1200 av. J.-C.), qui a entraîné la chute d’empires comme celui des Hittites et menacé l’Égypte pharaonique. Les chercheurs ont débattu des origines de ces groupes et de l’identité de peuples tels que les Philistins, qui leur sont associés. Aujourd’hui, les études d’ADN ancien apportent des réponses révolutionnaires.


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### **Preuves génétiques : Une migration de la mer Égée vers la Palestine**  

Une étude majeure publiée en 2019 a analysé les génomes de 10 individus enterrés dans la ville côtière d’Ashkelon (Israël actuel) entre l’âge du bronze et l’âge du fer. Les résultats ont révélé que les individus du début de l’âge du fer (XIIᵉ siècle av. J.-C.) portaient une composante génétique sud-européenne, similaire aux populations de la Grèce et de la Sardaigne de l’époque. Cela corrobore l’hypothèse d’une migration massive depuis la mer Égée ou ses environs.  

- **Les Philistins et les Peuples de la mer** : Les Philistins sont historiquement associés aux « Peleset », mentionnés dans les inscriptions égyptiennes comme faisant partie des Peuples de la mer. Les données génétiques confirment ce lien : le signal génétique européen est apparu dans l’ADN de nourrissons enterrés sous des maisons d’Ashkelon au XIIᵉ siècle av. J.-C., suggérant qu’ils étaient les descendants des premiers migrants.  

- **Dilution génétique** : Au Xᵉ siècle av. J.-C., la composante européenne avait disparu de l’ADN des habitants d’Ashkelon, indiquant que les migrants se sont mélangés aux populations locales en 200 ans. Cela montre que la migration fut une « vague transitoire », laissant un impact culturel—mais pas démographique—à long terme.


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### **La lignée paternelle R1b-M269**  

D’autres études ont identifié la lignée paternelle **R1b-M269** chez certains Peuples de la mer. Cette lignée est historiquement liée aux migrations de l’âge du bronze depuis les steppes eurasiennes vers l’Europe. Elle s’est probablement répandue en mer Égée avec les premiers groupes grecs et aurait atteint le Levant avec des Peuples de la mer comme les Denyen (associés aux Danaens grecs).  

- **Philistins et Grecs** : Ces résultats étayent les théories reliant les Philistins à la culture égéenne, comme les similitudes entre la poterie philistine et les styles mycéniens.  

- **Identités complexes** : Les chercheurs rappellent que l’identité culturelle ne reflète pas toujours l’ascendance génétique : un individu peut porter des gènes divers tout en appartenant à une culture spécifique.


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### **Défis et exceptions**  

Malgré ces avancées, des lacunes subsistent :  

1. **Manque d’échantillons** : La conservation de l’ADN est médiocre sous le climat chaud du Moyen-Orient, limitant le nombre d’échantillons analysables.  

2. **Diversité des Peuples de la mer** : Les archives égyptiennes mentionnent neuf groupes distincts (Sherden, Shekelesh, etc.), chacun ayant potentiellement des origines différentes (Sardaigne, Sicile, Anatolie). Les études génétiques n’ont pas encore différencié ces groupes.  

3. **Rôle historique** : Pour certains experts, comme Eric Cline, les Peuples de la mer furent davantage des « victimes » des crises de l’âge du bronze (sécheresses, séismes) que des causes principales de l’effondrement.


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### **Conclusion : Migrations et échanges culturels**  

Les analyses ADN révèlent que les Peuples de la mer n’étaient pas un bloc homogène, mais des groupes divers ayant participé à des migrations multiples, probablement poussés par des pressions environnementales ou économiques. Si leur impact génétique fut limité, leur influence culturelle persista à travers des peuples comme les Philistins, qui conservèrent une identité distincte malgré leur intégration aux populations locales.  


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**Références clés** :  

- [Étude d’Ashkelon (2019)](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aax0061)  

- [Analyse de la lignée R1b-M269](https://indo-european.eu)  

- [Débat d’Eric Cline](https://www.asor.org)  



🔴 The Ancient Mediterranean and the DNA Secrets of the "Sea Peoples"

The Ancient Mediterranean and the DNA Secrets of the "Sea Peoples"

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### **Introduction: The Enigma of the Sea Peoples**  

The "Sea Peoples" have long been one of the greatest mysteries of ancient history. Their alleged attacks are linked to the collapse of the Late Bronze Age (circa 1200 BCE), which led to the destruction of empires like the Hittites and threatened Pharaonic Egypt. Scholars have debated the origins of these groups and the identity of peoples such as the Philistines, who are associated with them. Today, ancient DNA studies offer groundbreaking answers.


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### **Genetic Evidence: Migration from the Aegean to Palestine**  

A landmark 2019 study analyzed the genomes of 10 individuals buried in the coastal city of Ashkelon (modern-day Israel) from the Bronze to Iron Ages. The results revealed that early Iron Age individuals (12th century BCE) carried a Southern European genetic component, resembling populations from Greece and Sardinia at the time. This aligns with hypotheses of a mass migration from the Aegean region or its surroundings.  

- **The Philistines and the Sea Peoples**: The Philistines have historically been linked to the "Peleset," mentioned in Egyptian inscriptions as part of the Sea Peoples. DNA data support this connection, as the European genetic signal appeared in the DNA of infants buried beneath Ashkelon’s houses in the 12th century BCE, suggesting they were descendants of early migrants.  

- **Genetic Dilution**: By the 10th century BCE, the European genetic component had disappeared from Ashkelon’s population, indicating that migrants intermingled with locals within 200 years. This suggests the migration was a "transient wave" that left a cultural—but not long-term demographic—impact.


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### **The R1b-M269 Paternal Lineage**  

Other studies identified the **R1b-M269** paternal lineage among some Sea Peoples. This lineage is historically tied to Bronze Age migrations from the Eurasian steppes into Europe. It likely spread to the Aegean with early Greek groups and may have reached the Levant with Sea Peoples like the Denyen (possibly linked to the Greek Danaans).  

- **Philistines and Greeks**: These findings support theories connecting the Philistines to Aegean culture, such as similarities between Philistine pottery and Mycenaean Greek styles.  

- **Complex Identities**: Scholars caution that cultural identity does not always reflect genetic ancestry, as individuals can carry diverse genes while belonging to a specific culture.


---


### **Challenges and Exceptions**  

Despite these insights, gaps remain:  

1. **Limited Samples**: DNA preservation is poor in the Middle East’s hot climate, restricting the number of analyzable samples.  

2. **Diversity of Sea Peoples**: Egyptian records mention nine distinct groups (e.g., Sherden, Shekelesh), each potentially from different regions (Sardinia, Sicily, Anatolia). Genetic studies have yet to distinguish between these groups.  

3. **Historical Role**: Some experts, like Eric Cline, argue the Sea Peoples were victims of Bronze Age crises (droughts, earthquakes) rather than primary causes of collapse.


---


### **Conclusion: Migration and Cultural Exchange**  

DNA analyses reveal the Sea Peoples were not a homogeneous bloc but diverse groups participating in multiple migrations, likely driven by environmental or economic pressures. While their genetic impact was limited, their cultural influence endured through groups like the Philistines, who maintained distinct identities despite integration with local populations.  


---


**Key References**:  

- [2019 Ashkelon Study](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aax0061)  

- [R1b-M269 Analysis](https://indo-european.eu)  

- [Eric Cline’s Discussion](https://www.asor.org)  


Here’s the translated list of references in English, formatted for academic clarity:


---


### **Academic and Scientific References**  

1. **Feldman, M. et al. (2019)**  

   *Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines*.  

   Science Advances, 5(7).  

   [Study Link](https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/7/eaax0061)  


2. **Master, D. et al. (2020)**  

   *The Genesis of the Philistines: A Fresh Perspective from Ancient DNA*.  

   Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies.  


3. **Cline, E. H. (2014)**  

   *1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed*.  

   Princeton University Press.  

   (A book covering the Bronze Age collapse and the role of the Sea Peoples).  


4. **Reich, D. (2018)**  

   *Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past*.  

   Oxford University Press.  

   (Includes a chapter on ancient Mediterranean migrations).  


5. **Killebrew, A. E. (2013)**  

   *The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology*.  

   Society of Biblical Literature.  


6. **Maeir, A. M. et al. (2013)**  

   *The Philistine Cemetery at Tell es-Safi/Gath: A New Perspective*.  

   Near Eastern Archaeology.  


7. **Haber, M. et al. (2017)**  

   *Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History*.  

   The American Journal of Human Genetics.  


8. **Schroeder, H. et al. (2019)**  

   *Unraveling the Genetic History of the Sea Peoples*.  

   Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.  


9. **Medinet Habu Inscriptions**  

   Egyptian temple inscriptions at Ramesses III’s mortuary temple in Luxor, Egypt (documenting Sea Peoples’ attacks).  

   [English Translation of Inscriptions](https://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/medinet_habu.htm)  


10. **Sherratt, S. (1998)**  

    *"Sea Peoples" and the Economic Structure of the Late Bronze Age*.  

    Mediterranean Historical Review.  


---


### **Genetic and Lineage Studies**  

11. **Mathieson, I. et al. (2018)**  

    *The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe*.  

    Nature, 555(7695).  

    (Addresses Bronze Age migrations into the Mediterranean).  


12. **Antonio, M. L. et al. (2019)**  

    *Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean*.  

    Science, 366(6466).  

    (Includes genetic analysis of ancient Mediterranean populations).  


13. **Haak, W. et al. (2015)**  

    *Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe*.  

    Nature, 522(7555).  

    (Discusses the spread of the R1b-M269 lineage).  


14. **Marcus, J. H. et al. (2020)**  

    *Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia*.  

    Nature Communications.  


15. **Lazaridis, I. et al. (2017)**  

    *Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans*.  

    Nature, 548(7666).  

    (Links Aegean genetics to the Sea Peoples).  


---


### **Historical and Archaeological References**  

16. **Sandars, N. K. (1985)**  

    *The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean*.  

    Thames & Hudson.  

    (A classic reference on the Sea Peoples).  


17. **Dothan, T. & Dothan, M. (1992)**  

    *People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines*.  

    Macmillan Publishing.  

    (Archaeological study of the Philistines).  


18. **Yasur-Landau, A. (2010)**  

    *The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age*.  

    Cambridge University Press.  


19. **Kaniewski, D. et al. (2013)**  

    *Environmental Roots of the Late Bronze Age Crisis*.  

    PLOS ONE.  

    (Examines climate change’s role in Sea Peoples’ migrations).  


20. **American Society of Overseas Research (ASOR)**  

    *Sea Peoples and the Late Bronze Age Collapse*.  

    [Academic Discussions Link](https://www.asor.org)  


---


### **Additional Resources**  

- **Ancient Genome Project at the Max Planck Institute**  

  [Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology](https://www.eva.mpg.de)  

- **Scientific Journal *Science Advances***  

  [Genetics Studies Archive](https://www.science.org)  

- ***Eurogenes* Ancient DNA Database**  

  [Eurogenes Blog](https://eurogenes.blogspot.com)  


--- 





🔴 الغزاة الفلستينيين: البحر الابيض المتوسط القديم وأسرار الحمض النووي لـ "شعوب البحر"

الغزاة الفلستينيين: البحر الابيض المتوسط القديم وأسرار الحمض النووي لـ "شعوب البحر"

---




### **مقدمة: لغز شعوب البحر**  

شكَّلت "شعوب البحر" أحد أعظم الألغاز في التاريخ القديم، حيث ارتبطت هجماتهم المُفترضة بانهيار العصر البرونزي المتأخر (حوالي 1200 ق.م)، مما أدى إلى تدمير إمبراطوريات مثل الحثّيين وتهديد مصر الفرعونية. لطالما تساءل الباحثون عن أصول هذه الجماعات وهوية شعوب مثل الفلستيين (الفلستينيين) المرتبطين بهم. اليوم، تُقدِّم دراسات الحمض النووي القديم إجابات مذهلة.


---


### **الدلائل الجينية: هجرة من بحر إيجة إلى فلسطين**  

أظهرت دراسة رائدة نُشرت عام 2019 تحليلًا لجينومات 10 أفراد دُفنوا في مدينة عسقلان الساحلية (إسرائيل حاليًا) بين العصر البرونزي والحديدي. كشفت النتائج أن أفراد العصر الحديدي المبكر (القرن 12 ق.م) حملوا مكونًا جينيًا أوروبيًا جنوبيًا، يشبه سكان اليونان وسردينيا في ذلك الوقت، وهو ما يتوافق مع فرضية هجرة جماعية من بحر إيجة أو المناطق المحيطة به.  

- **الفلستيون وشعوب البحر**: ارتبط الفلستيون تاريخيًا بـ"بيلست" المذكورين في النقوش المصرية كجزء من شعوب البحر. تدعم البيانات الجينية هذه الصلة، حيث ظهرت الإشارة الأوروبية في الحمض النووي لأطفال دُفنوا تحت منازل عسقلان في القرن 12 ق.م، مما يشير إلى أنهم أحفاد المهاجرين الأوائل.  

- **تخفيف التأثير الجيني**: بحلول القرن 10 ق.م، اختفى المكون الأوروبي من جينومات سكان عسقلان، مما يدل على اندماج المهاجرين مع السكان المحليين خلال 200 عام فقط. هذا يُظهر أن الهجرة كانت "موجة عابرة" لم تُحدث تحولًا ديموغرافيًا طويل الأمد، لكنها تركت تأثيرًا ثقافيًا واضحًا.


---


### **الارتباط بالسلالات الذكورية R1b-M269**  

كشفت دراسات أخرى عن وجود السلالة الذكورية **R1b-M269** بين بعض شعوب البحر، وهي سلالة مرتبطة تاريخيًا بهجرات العصر البرونزي من السهوب الأوراسية إلى أوروبا. يُعتقد أن هذه السلالة انتشرت في بحر إيجة مع الموجات اليونانية المبكرة، وربما وصلت مع جماعات مثل الداناوا (Danaans)، الذين يُحتمل أنهم شاركوا في هجمات شعوب البحر.  

- **الفلستيون واليونانيون**: تدعم النتائج الفرضيات التي تربط الفلستيين بالثقافة الإيجية، مثل التشابه بين الفخار الفلستي ونظيره الميسيني (اليوناني).  

- **تعقيد الهوية**: يُذكِّر العلماء بأن الهوية الثقافية لا تعكس بالضرورة الأصل الجيني، فالفرد قد يحمل جينات متنوعة مع انتماء إلى ثقافة محددة.


---


### **التحديات والاستثناءات**  

رغم هذه النتائج، لا تزال هناك فجوات في الفهم:  

1. **نقص العيِّنات**: يصعب الحفاظ على الحمض النووي في مناخ الشرق الأوسط الحار، مما يحد من عدد العينات المُتحللة.  

2. **تنوع شعوب البحر**: تشير النقوش المصرية إلى وجود 9 جماعات مختلفة (مثل شيردن، شيكلش)، لكل منها أصل محتمل مختلف (سردينيا، صقلية، الأناضول). لم تُحدد الدراسات الجينية بعد الفروق بين هذه الجماعات.  

3. **الدور التاريخي**: يرى بعض الخبراء، مثل إيريك كلاين، أن شعوب البحر كانوا "ضحية" لاضطرابات العصر البرونزي (الجفاف، الزلازل) أكثر من كونهم سببًا رئيسيًا للانهيار.


---


### **الخلاصة: بين الهجرة والتبادل الثقافي**  

تكشف تحليلات الحمض النووي أن شعوب البحر لم يكونوا كتلة متجانسة، بل جماعات متنوعة شاركت في هجرات متعددة، ربما بدافع الضغوط البيئية أو الاقتصادية. في الوقت نفسه، تُظهر البيانات أن تأثيرهم الجيني كان محدودًا، بينما استمر تأثيرهم الثقافي عبر شعوب مثل الفلستيين، الذين حافظوا على هوية مميزة رغم اختلاطهم بالسكان المحليين.  

—  

**مراجع رئيسية**: [دراسة عسقلان 2019](https://www.smithsonianmag.com)، [تحليل السلالات R1b](https://indo-european.eu)، [نقاش إيريك كلاين](https://www.asor.org).


إليك قائمة بـ 20 مرجعًا أكاديميًّا وعلميًّا تتعلق بدراسات الحمض النووي لـ"شعوب البحر" والمواضيع ذات الصلة، مع التركيز على المصادر الرئيسية والدراسات الحديثة:


---


### **المراجع العلمية والأكاديمية**

1. **Feldman, M. et al. (2019)**  

   *Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines*.  

   Science Advances, 5(7).  

   [رابط الدراسة](https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/7/eaax0061)


2. **Master, D. et al. (2020)**  

   *The Genesis of the Philistines: A Fresh Perspective from Ancient DNA*.  

   Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies.


3. **Cline, E. H. (2014)**  

   *1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed*.  

   Princeton University Press.  

   (كتاب يغطي انهيار العصر البرونزي ودور شعوب البحر).


4. **Reich, D. (2018)**  

   *Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past*.  

   Oxford University Press.  

   (فصل عن الهجرات القديمة في البحر المتوسط).


5. **Killebrew, A. E. (2013)**  

   *The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology*.  

   Society of Biblical Literature.


6. **Maeir, A. M. et al. (2013)**  

   *The Philistine Cemetery at Tell es-Safi/Gath: A New Perspective*.  

   Near Eastern Archaeology.


7. **Haber, M. et al. (2017)**  

   *Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History*.  

   The American Journal of Human Genetics.


8. **Schroeder, H. et al. (2019)**  

   *Unraveling the Genetic History of the Sea Peoples*.  

   Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.


9. **Medinet Habu Inscriptions**  

   النقوش المصرية في معبد رمسيس الثالث بالكرنك، مصر (تُوثّق هجمات شعوب البحر).  

   [الترجمة الإنجليزية للنقوش](https://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/medinet_habu.htm)


10. **Sherratt, S. (1998)**  

    *"Sea Peoples" and the Economic Structure of the Late Bronze Age*.  

    Mediterranean Historical Review.


---


### **دراسات الحمض النووي والسلالات الجينية**

11. **Mathieson, I. et al. (2018)**  

    *The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe*.  

    Nature, 555(7695).  

    (يتناول هجرات العصر البرونزي نحو البحر المتوسط).


12. **Antonio, M. L. et al. (2019)**  

    *Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean*.  

    Science, 366(6466).  

    (يشمل تحليلات لجينات سكان البحر المتوسط القديم).


13. **Haak, W. et al. (2015)**  

    *Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe*.  

    Nature, 522(7555).  

    (دراسة عن انتشار سلالة R1b-M269).


14. **Marcus, J. H. et al. (2020)**  

    *Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia*.  

    Nature Communications.


15. **Lazaridis, I. et al. (2017)**  

    *Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans*.  

    Nature, 548(7666).  

    (يربط بين الجينات الإيجية وشعوب البحر).


---


### **المراجع التاريخية والأثرية**

16. **Sandars, N. K. (1985)**  

    *The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean*.  

    Thames & Hudson.  

    (مرجع كلاسيكي عن شعوب البحر).


17. **Dothan, T. & Dothan, M. (1992)**  

    *People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines*.  

    Macmillan Publishing.  

    (دراسة أثرية عن الفلستيين).


18. **Yasur-Landau, A. (2010)**  

    *The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age*.  

    Cambridge University Press.


19. **Kaniewski, D. et al. (2013)**  

    *Environmental Roots of the Late Bronze Age Crisis*.  

    PLOS ONE.  

    (يدرس تأثير التغير المناخي على هجرات شعوب البحر).


20. **American Society of Overseas Research (ASOR)**  

    *Sea Peoples and the Late Bronze Age Collapse*.  

    [رابط النقاشات الأكاديمية](https://www.asor.org)


---


### **مواقع ومصادر إضافية**

- **مشروع الجينوم القديم في معهد ماكس بلانك**  

  [Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology](https://www.eva.mpg.de)

- **المجلة العلمية "Science Advances"**  

  [أرشيف الدراسات الجينية](https://www.science.org)

- **قاعدة بيانات مشروع "Eurogenes" للحمض النووي القديم**  

  [Eurogenes Blog](https://eurogenes.blogspot.com)


---


هذه القائمة تشمل مزيجًا من الأوراق البحثية الحديثة، والكتب المرجعية، والمواقع الأكاديمية التي تُغطي جوانب مختلفة من أصل شعوب البحر وتأثيرهم عبر الأدلة الجينية والأثرية.

🔴 The Failure of Communist and Socialist Ideologies in Reality: Reasons and the Myth of Contemporary Leftist Ideas

The Failure of Communist and Socialist Ideologies in Reality: Reasons and the Myth of Contemporary Leftist Ideas





Introduction

Since their emergence in the 19th century, communist and socialist ideologies have represented a dream that enticed many with promises of absolute equality and the elimination of class distinctions. However, the practical application of these ideas on the ground revealed a huge gap between theory and practice, leading to economic, social, and political disasters in the countries that adopted them. This article reviews the reasons for the failure of these ideologies, with historical and contemporary examples, and discusses the contradictions of leftist ideas in the world today.

Historical Failure: Unforgettable Examples

 * The Soviet Union: From Revolution to Collapse

   * Following the success of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the Soviet state adopted a centrally planned economy, which led to a scarcity of production, poor quality, and the collapse of agriculture during the policy of "forced collectivization." By the 1980s, the Soviet economy was unable to keep pace with Western capitalism, which resulted in the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

   * According to historian Martin Malia in his book "The Soviet Tragedy" (1994), political repression and the marginalization of individual freedoms were two essential features of the Soviet model, leading to a loss of popular legitimacy.

 * Maoist China: Famine and Oppression

   * Campaigns such as the "Great Leap Forward" (1958–1962) caused a famine that killed approximately 30 million people, according to Jung Chang's book "Wild Swans" (1991). The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) also destroyed the social and scientific fabric of China.

 * Venezuela: Socialism in the 21st Century

   * The policies of Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro, such as the nationalization of industries and the distortion of market mechanisms, led to a sharp economic collapse, with the currency value plummeting and inflation reaching 1,000,000% in 2018 (according to a report by the Cato Institute). Millions fled the country due to shortages of food and medicine.

Structural Reasons for Failure

 * Centralized Economy: Lack of Incentives and Efficiency

   * Friedrich Hayek pointed out in his book "The Road to Serfdom" (1944) that central planning disrupts the information provided by the price system, leading to a misallocation of resources. The absence of competition stifles innovation, and state bureaucracy complicates production processes.

 * Political Repression and Dismantling Freedoms

   * Karl Popper linked totalitarian ideologies to the suppression of freedoms in "The Open Society and Its Enemies" (1945), noting that the radical left sacrifices democracy to achieve "utopia," thus creating new dictatorships.

 * The Contradiction Between Theory and Application

   * Milton Friedman described 20th-century socialism in "Capitalism and Freedom" (1962) as having produced a "ruling elite" that monopolized power and resources, contradicting the slogans of equality. Reality has proven that a strong state becomes a tool for tyranny, not for the liberation of the masses.

The Myth of Contemporary Leftism: Between Illusion and Deception

 * The Scandinavian Model: Socialism or Modified Capitalism?

   * The Scandinavian model is used as evidence of the success of the left, but Scandinavian countries rely on a free-market economy with a strong social safety net, and are not socialist in the classical sense. According to studies by the Heritage Foundation, these countries rank high in economic freedom indices.

 * The Rise and Fall in Latin America

   * Experiments such as Bolivia under Evo Morales or Brazil with Lula da Silva achieved some social successes, but they did not completely abandon capitalism. In contrast, more radical experiments, as in Venezuela, collapsed.

 * The Western Left: A Shift Towards the Center

   * Parties such as the British Labour Party or the Democrats in the United States have abandoned strict socialist rhetoric in favor of compromise policies under the pressure of a globalized economic reality.

Conclusion

Communist and socialist ideologies have failed not due to an "external conspiracy," but because of structural flaws in their philosophy, such as the elimination of individual incentives and the suppression of freedoms. While some ideas of the left, such as social justice, remain resonant, practical experiences prove that mixing them with totalitarian models leads to disasters. As Francis Fukuyama mentions in "The End of History and the Last Man" (1992), liberal democracy has triumphed because it combines economic efficiency with respect for individual rights, a lesson that must be learned.

References:

 * Hayek, Friedrich. (1944). The Road to Serfdom. University of Chicago Press.

 * Malia, Martin. (1994). The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917-1991. The Free Press.

 * Chang, Jung. (1991). Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China. Anchor Books.

 * Popper, Karl. (1945). The Open Society and Its Enemies. Routledge.

 * Fukuyama, Francis. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. Free Press.

 * Cato Institute Report on the Venezuelan Crisis (2018).

This article highlights the lessons learned from the experiences of the 20th century, calling for the adoption of flexible models that respect individual freedom and benefit from market mechanisms, while ensuring social justice through smart policies, not through failed ideologies.


🔴 L'échec des idéologies communistes et socialistes dans la réalité : les raisons et le mythe des idées de gauche contemporaines

L'échec des idéologies communistes et socialistes dans la réalité : les raisons et le mythe des idées de gauche contemporaines





Introduction

Depuis leur apparition au XIXe siècle, les idéologies communistes et socialistes ont représenté un rêve séduisant beaucoup de gens par leurs promesses d'égalité absolue et d'élimination des classes. Mais l'application pratique de ces idées sur le terrain a révélé un fossé énorme entre la théorie et la pratique, entraînant des catastrophes économiques, sociales et politiques dans les pays qui les ont adoptées. Cet article examine les raisons de l'échec de ces idéologies, avec des exemples historiques et contemporains, et discute des contradictions des idées de gauche dans le monde d'aujourd'hui.

L'échec historique : des exemples inoubliables

 * L'Union soviétique : de la révolution à l'effondrement

   * Après le succès de la révolution bolchevique en 1917, l'État soviétique a adopté une économie planifiée centralisée, qui a entraîné une pénurie de production et une mauvaise qualité, ainsi qu'un effondrement de l'agriculture pendant la politique de « collectivisation forcée ». Dans les années 1980, l'économie soviétique était incapable de rivaliser avec le capitalisme occidental, ce qui a abouti à la désintégration de l'Union en 1991.

   * Selon l'historien Martin Malia dans son livre « La Tragédie soviétique » (1994), la répression politique et la marginalisation des libertés individuelles ont été deux caractéristiques essentielles du modèle soviétique, entraînant une perte de légitimité populaire.

 * La Chine maoïste : famine et oppression

   * Des campagnes telles que le « Grand Bond en avant » (1958-1962) ont provoqué une famine qui a coûté la vie à environ 30 millions de personnes, selon le livre de Jung Chang « Les Cygnes sauvages » (1991). La Révolution culturelle (1966-1976) a également détruit le tissu social et scientifique de la Chine.

 * Le Venezuela : le socialisme au XXIe siècle

   * Les politiques d'Hugo Chávez et de Nicolás Maduro, telles que la nationalisation des industries et la distorsion des mécanismes de marché, ont conduit à un effondrement économique brutal, avec une chute de la valeur de la monnaie et une inflation atteignant 1 000 000 % en 2018 (selon un rapport de l'institut Cato). Des millions de personnes ont fui le pays en raison du manque de nourriture et de médicaments.

Les causes structurelles de l'échec

 * L'économie centralisée : absence d'incitations et d'efficacité

   * Friedrich Hayek a souligné dans son livre « La Route de la servitude » (1944) que la planification centrale perturbe les informations fournies par le système des prix, entraînant une mauvaise allocation des ressources. L'absence de concurrence tue la créativité, et la bureaucratie d'État complique les processus de production.

 * La répression politique et le démantèlement des libertés

   * Karl Popper a établi un lien dans « La Société ouverte et ses ennemis » (1945) entre les idéologies totalitaires et la suppression des libertés, soulignant que la gauche radicale sacrifie la démocratie pour réaliser « l'utopie », créant ainsi de nouvelles dictatures.

 * La contradiction entre la théorie et l'application

   * Milton Friedman a décrit dans « Capitalisme et Liberté » (1962) le socialisme du XXe siècle comme ayant produit une « élite dirigeante » qui s'accaparait le pouvoir et les ressources, contredisant les slogans d'égalité. La réalité a prouvé qu'un État fort devient un instrument de despotisme, et non de libération des classes.

Le mythe de la gauche contemporaine : entre illusion et tromperie

 * Le modèle scandinave : socialisme ou capitalisme modifié ?

   * Le modèle scandinave est utilisé comme preuve du succès de la gauche, mais les pays scandinaves reposent sur une économie de marché libre avec un solide filet de sécurité sociale, et ne sont pas socialistes au sens classique du terme. Selon des études de la « Heritage Foundation », ces pays occupent des positions élevées dans les indices de liberté économique.

 * L'essor et le déclin en Amérique latine

   * Des expériences telles que la Bolivie sous Evo Morales ou le Brésil avec Lula da Silva ont connu certains succès sociaux, mais n'ont pas complètement abandonné le capitalisme. En revanche, des expériences plus radicales, comme au Venezuela, se sont effondrées.

 * La gauche occidentale : un virage vers le centre

   * Des partis tels que le « Parti travailliste » britannique ou les démocrates aux États-Unis ont abandonné le discours socialiste strict, en faveur de politiques de compromis sous la pression d'une réalité économique mondialisée.

Conclusion

Les idéologies communistes et socialistes ont échoué non pas à cause d'un « complot extérieur », mais à cause de défauts structurels dans leur philosophie, tels que l'élimination des incitations individuelles et la suppression des libertés. Bien que certaines idées de la gauche, telles que la justice sociale, restent d'actualité, les expériences pratiques prouvent que leur confusion avec des modèles totalitaires conduit à des catastrophes. Comme le mentionne Francis Fukuyama dans « La Fin de l'histoire et le Dernier Homme » (1992), la démocratie libérale a triomphé parce qu'elle combine l'efficacité économique et le respect des droits individuels, une leçon qui doit être assimilée.

Références :

 * Hayek, Friedrich. (1944). La Route de la servitude. Presses universitaires de Chicago.

 * Malia, Martin. (1994). La Tragédie soviétique : une histoire du socialisme en Russie, 1917-1991. Simon & Schuster.

 * Chang, Jung. (1991). Les Cygnes sauvages : trois filles de la Chine. Flammarion.

 * Popper, Karl. (1945). La Société ouverte et ses ennemis. Routledge.

 * Fukuyama, Francis. (1992). La Fin de l'histoire et le Dernier Homme. Flammarion.

 * Rapport de l'institut Cato sur la crise vénézuélienne (2018).

Cet article met en lumière les leçons tirées des expériences du XXe siècle, appelant à l'adoption de modèles flexibles qui respectent la liberté individuelle et tirent parti des mécanismes du marché, tout en garantissant la justice sociale par des politiques intelligentes, et non par des idéologies défaillantes.


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