Top 10 of The Mossad's Most Notable Operations
**The Israeli Mossad is renowned for executing complex and high-risk operations throughout its history. Below is a list of ten notable operations, with details about each:**
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### 1. **Capture of Adolf Eichmann (1960)**
- **Objective**: Adolf Eichmann, a key architect of the Holocaust.
- **Details**: Mossad agents tracked Eichmann to Argentina using false identities, abducted him, and smuggled him to Israel for trial. The meticulously executed operation led to his conviction and execution.
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### 2. **Operation Wrath of God (Early 1970s)**
- **Objective**: Members of "Black September," responsible for the Munich Massacre (1972).
- **Details**: Dozens of individuals linked to the attack were assassinated via bombings and targeted killings across Europe and the Middle East, including Ali Hassan Salameh (the group’s leader) in Beirut (1979).
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### 3. **Operation Diamond (1966)**
- **Objective**: Obtain a Soviet MiG-21 fighter jet.
- **Details**: Mossad convinced Iraqi pilot Munir Reda to defect to Israel with his aircraft, enabling Israel to study advanced Soviet military technology.
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### 4. **Abduction of Mordechai Vanunu (1986)**
- **Objective**: Mordechai Vanunu, an Israeli nuclear technician who exposed Israel’s nuclear program.
- **Details**: Mossad agents lured Vanunu to Italy using a female operative, seduced him, and drugged him before transporting him to Israel, where he was imprisoned.
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### 5. **Assassination of Mahmoud al-Mabhouh (2010)**
- **Objective**: Mahmoud al-Mabhouh, a senior Hamas military commander.
- **Details**: A 26-member Mossad team used forged European passports to assassinate him in a Dubai hotel, employing sedatives and electrocution.
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### 6. **Stuxnet Cyberattack (2009–2010)**
- **Objective**: Sabotage Iran’s nuclear program.
- **Details**: Collaborating with the U.S., Mossad developed the Stuxnet virus, which destroyed centrifuges at Iran’s Natanz facility, delaying uranium enrichment.
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### 7. **Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh (2008)**
- **Objective**: Imad Mughniyeh, Hezbollah’s military chief.
- **Details**: A bomb planted in his car’s headrest killed him in Damascus. The operation was jointly attributed to Mossad and the CIA.
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### 8. **Assassination of Fathi Shaqaqi (1995)**
- **Objective**: Fathi Shaqaqi, founder of Palestinian Islamic Jihad.
- **Details**: Two Mossad agents shot him outside a hotel in Malta and escaped using fake passports.
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### 9. **Operation Orchard (2007)**
- **Objective**: Destroy a Syrian nuclear reactor in Deir ez-Zor.
- **Details**: Mossad intelligence enabled Israeli jets to bomb the reactor, which was allegedly built with North Korean assistance.
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### 10. **Lillehammer Affair (1973)**
- **Objective**: A botched attempt to target a "Black September" operative.
- **Details**: Mossad agents mistakenly assassinated Ahmed Bouchikhi, a Moroccan waiter in Norway, believing him to be Ali Hassan Salameh. The incident sparked international backlash.
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### Notes:
- Some operations (e.g., the **1976 Entebbe Raid**) were carried out by special forces (Sayeret Matkal) rather than Mossad.
- Mossad continues covert campaigns, such as assassinations of Iranian nuclear scientists (e.g., **Mohsen Fakhrizadeh in 2020**).
These operations highlight Mossad’s global reach, technological innovation, and controversial tactics, often criticized for violating international law and sovereignty.
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